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AP Computer Science Principles (CSP) Study Guide - Unit 4
BIG IDEA 4: COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
4.1 The Internet
- Internet Architecture: Routers, switches, servers
- Protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP
- IP Addressing: IPv4, IPv6, DHCP
- Domain Name System (DNS): Name resolution
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Network access
4.2 Fault Tolerance
- Redundancy: Backup systems and components
- Error Detection: Checksums and error codes
- Error Correction: Techniques for fixing errors
- Failover Systems: Automatic backup switching
- Distributed Systems: Spreading risk across multiple systems
4.3 Parallel and Distributed Computing
- Parallel Processing: Using multiple cores/processors
- Distributed Computing: Spreading work across networks
- Load Balancing: Distributing workload efficiently
- MapReduce: Parallel data processing framework
- Cloud Computing: Leveraging distributed resources
4.4 Computer Components
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Processing instructions
- Memory (RAM): Temporary storage
- Storage: Permanent data retention
- Input/Output Devices: User interaction
- Motherboard: Connecting components
4.5 Operating Systems
- OS Functions: Resource management, user interface
- Process Management: Running multiple programs
- Memory Management: Allocating and protecting memory
- File Systems: Organizing and accessing data
- User Interfaces: Command line vs. graphical
4.6 Networks
- Network Types: LAN, WAN, PAN, MAN
- Network Topologies: Star, bus, mesh, ring
- Network Devices: Routers, switches, access points
- Bandwidth and Latency: Network performance metrics
- Wireless vs. Wired: Connection types and trade-offs
4.7 Network Security
- Threats: Malware, phishing, DDoS attacks
- Encryption: Secure data transmission
- Authentication: Verifying identity
- Authorization: Permission management
- Firewalls and Security Software: Protection mechanisms